超低温技术的研究进展及其在甘蔗脱毒中的应用前景

超低温处理是以植物组织培养以及超低温保存为基础的一种新型的脱毒技术。为研究其在甘蔗脱毒中的应用前景,笔者对超低温技术在常见作物中脱毒方法及效率进行了分析,对超低温的原理、方法以及脱毒效果做了总结,对甘蔗现有的脱毒技术进行了分析。阐述了超低温技术为甘蔗脱毒工作中所提供的新的思路。     

温度和湿度对土壤中噁唑酰草胺降解的影响

噁唑酰草胺是一种芳氧苯氧丙酸酯类除草剂,近年来在我国使用面积快速上升。本文建立了土壤中噁唑酰草胺的快速灵敏检测方法,测定了土壤温度和湿度对土壤中噁唑酰草胺降解的影响。研究结果表明建立的土壤中噁唑酰草胺的高效液相色谱检测方法,最低定量限(LOQ)为4.00×10~(-3)μg/kg,最低检测限LOD为1.20×10~(-3)μg/kg。土壤温度为5、15、25和35℃时,土壤中10 mg/kg的噁唑酰草胺半衰期分别为16.8、9.9、3.5和0.9 d;土壤湿度为40%和80%时,土壤中噁唑酰草胺的半衰期分别为3.6和4.3 d。与土壤湿度相比,土壤温度对土壤中噁唑酰草胺降解的影响更大。     

低温环境下饲粮核黄素添加水平对蛋鸭激素分泌的影响

本试验旨在研究低温环境下饲粮核黄素添加水平对蛋鸭激素分泌的影响.试验采用两因素有重复完全交叉设计,温度设2个水平[适温(18±1)℃,T1;低温(2±1)℃,T2];核黄素设3个水平,在基础饲粮中分别添加4、16、32 mg/kg 核黄素.选用12周龄健康的金定鸭(母)144只,随机分成6个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个...     

基于GIS的低温冷冻灾害风险性评估

为了提高低温冷冻灾害的防御能力，为政府部门制定防灾减灾规划提供科学依据。本研究基于自然灾害形成机理及风险评估原理，以济南市长清区为例，利用气候资料、历史灾情数据、地理信息数据及社会经济等资料，采用层次分析法和加权综合评价法，借助GIS空间分析技术，通过对致灾因子危险性、敏感性、易损性和防灾减灾能力4个评价指标的空间评价，实现了对长清区低温冷冻灾害的风险性评估和综合区划。结果表明：长清区低温冷冻灾害总体表现为空间化强，没有规则的分布规律，综合风险性总体水平较高。文昌街道办事处、五峰山街道办事处、双泉乡的部分地区综合风险性最高，属于低温冷冻灾害的重点防御区域；轻、低风险主要分布在平安街道办事处、万德镇、马山镇、崮云湖街道办事处的部分辖区。该评估结果将对本地区农作物的种植规划及灾害防御措施的制定提供参考依据。     

不同补水方式下砂壤土渗滤系统对硝态氮去除效果

在水资源短缺的北京地区利用再生水回补城市河湖,一方面对于水资源的可持续利用有着十分重要的作用,另一方面也可能带来地下水环境的潜在污染风险.该文采用100 cm砂壤土柱模拟(河湖岸底)土地渗滤系统,设置定水头淹水、交替淹水落干、定流速补水和侧向补水4种不同再生水回补方式,研究再生水中硝态氮(NO3-N)在土地渗滤系统中的去除效果和迁移转化规律.结果表明,当水力负荷在0.25~2.65 cm/d范围内时,渗滤系统对NO3-N的去除率随着水力负荷的增大而减小;侧向补水方式下渗滤系统对NO3-N的去除效果最优,平均去除率高达96.1%.在定水头淹水和侧向补水方式下,系统对NO3-N的去除主要发生在土柱的上部,而交替淹水落干和定流速补水条件下,土柱中下部对NO3-N也有一定的去除作用.渗滤系统对NO3-N的去除主要取决于系统内部微生物的分布情况,土层中的反硝化细菌数量越大,该土层对NO3-N的去除率就越高.当水温在15~32℃范围内变化时,定水头淹水和交替淹水落干补水方式下,系统对NO3-N的去除率与温度分别呈指数和幂函数关系.该研究表明土地渗滤系统可实现再生水的进一步净化处理,可为再生水安全回补河湖提供参考.     

A comparison of cardinal temperatures estimated by linear and nonlinear models for germination and bulb growth of forage brassicas

Forage brassicas are widely used as a supplementary feed in temperate pasture systems but there is a lack of quantitative data about their growth and development. Furthermore, numerous models are available to estimate cardinal temperatures but there is uncertainty about whether linear or nonlinear models should be used. Initially a germination experiment was used to describe the rate response of nine forage brassicas to temperature. Three models were compared to estimate cardinal temperatures and the two best models were used for thermal time (Tt) accumulation for three groups of forage brassicas. Cardinal temperatures, defined as the base (T_b), optimum (T_opt) and maximum (T_m), differed among groups of species for the bilinear and Lactin models but were similar within a group of species for these models. In most cases, cardinal temperatures estimated by the bilinear and Lactin models for the B. rapa group ranged from 3 to 4 °C for T_b, 31 °C for T_opt and 41 to 48 °C for T_m. For the B. napus and B. napus biennis groups these temperatures ranged from 0 to 3 °C for T_b, 29 to 33 °C for T_opt and 38 °C for T_m. The B. oleracea group had temperatures from 0 to 1 °C for T_b, 25 to 27 °C for T_opt and 35 °C for T_m. A second data set based on hypocotyl thickening was used to estimate the base temperature (T_b) for bulb growth of turnips and swedes. Both models estimated an average T_b of 4.2 °C for bulb turnips and an average of 3.7 °C for swedes. The Lactin model was considered the most adequate model to describe temperature responses where as, in some cases, the bilinear model had to be modified to account for changes in the rate of development. More importantly, an appropriate range of test temperatures was crucial for the estimation of reliable cardinal temperatures, independent of the model used.     

测墒补灌深度对济麦22冠层光截获和荧光特性及籽粒产量的影响

测墒补灌是近年开发的一种小麦节水栽培新技术,水分管理的土层深度是该技术的关键因素之一。本研究以济麦22为试验品种,于2013—2014和2014—2015年度在山东兖州进行大田试验,设置4个测墒补灌土层深度,补灌至目标土层拔节期相对含水量70%和开花期相对含水量75%,以定量灌溉(拔节期和开花期各灌水60 mm)和全生育期不灌水处理为对照,通过测定花后0~30 d灌浆阶段小麦冠层光截获特性、群体光合速率、旗叶荧光特性,以及最终籽粒产量和水分利用效率,以明确测墒补灌达到增产的光合基础及最佳土层。当补灌土层为0~20 cm时,灌水量为50.1~51.2 mm,小麦叶面积指数、冠层光合有效辐射截获量、冠层光截获率和群体光合速率,以及旗叶实际光化学效率(ΦPSII)和最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)在各灌水处理中最低;补灌土层为0~40 cm时,灌水量为73.1~93.1 mm,上述前4项指标比补灌深度20 cm时依次提高6.0%~42.4%、8.5%~27.9%、6.7%~14.5%、11.0%~14.6%,同时旗叶ΦPSII和Fv/Fm亦显著提高;补灌深度加大至60 cm(灌水量87.5~105.4 cm)和80 cm(灌水量101.8~115.0 cm)时,这些指标无显著增加。与光合特性相关指标一致,籽粒产量也表现为补灌深度大于40 cm的3个处理间无显著差异,且与定量灌溉对照无显著差异,但都显著高于补灌深度20 cm处理。在本试验条件下,对0~40 cm土层实施测墒补灌,较定量灌溉减少用水26.9~46.9 mm,水分利用效率提高16.2%~16.7%,灌溉效益增加34.0%~68.1%,说明在类似生态条件下,中穗型小麦品种济麦22测墒补灌节水栽培技术的目标土层为0~40 cm。     

基于叶气温差的生育中期冬小麦水分亏缺诊断研究

为了获取叶片尺度基于叶气温差的冬小麦生育中期水分亏缺诊断阈值,分析了冬小麦叶气温差的典型日变化及其与土壤水分、空气温度及太阳辐射等因子的相互关系,揭示了冬小麦叶气温差对光合气体交换参数的影响,确定了冬小麦叶片水分利用效率较适宜的非气孔限制值及叶气温差范围。结果表明,冬小麦叶气温差在不同的土壤水分条件下表现出不同的日变化规律,随光量子通量增加而升高,随土壤水分、气温增加而降低;4、5和6月冬小麦叶片水分利用效率较适宜的非气孔限制值范围分别为0.7~1.3、1.1~2.0和0.9~1.5,叶气温差控制范围分别为-1.2~0.4、-1.5~-1和-1.25~-0.9℃。     

A calibration method of detecting soil water content based on the information-sharing in wireless sensor network

In agricultural production, there is contradiction between the cost and accuracy of detection during the course of acquiring soil water content (θ) online. This conflict is one of the core issues of automatic water-saving irrigation technology in agriculture. At the same time, capacitive soil moisture sensor (CSMS) has received considerable attention, for it can acquire θ with low cost and high precision, and meet the application requirements of wireless sensor network (WSN). But CSMS is vulnerable to the soil temperature (T_s) and salinity (S_s) in the measurement process. Therefore, this study took EC-5 sensor for example to establish water detection calibration models of soil temperature and salinity for single sensor, using Least Squares Support Vector Machines on MatLAB (LS-SVMlab) as the tool. On this basis, we explored the spatial variability of T_s and S_s, and then a method, which could be used to calibrate the output signals of sensors in multi-point network, was proposed based on the information-sharing (T_s or S_s) technology of WSN. Through laboratory experiment, we effectively reduced the impact of soil temperature and salinity on the single sensor. In example analysis, we investigated the detection precision and costs under different information-sharing radiuses (r). And the results indicated that the method we proposed based on the information-sharing technology of WSN could successfully calibrate the influence of soil temperature and salinity on sensors in multi-point network, and it was an efficacious approach to determine the balance between the calibration accuracy of moisture sensor and the investment of agricultural production. For example, while the calibration precision of soil temperature and salinity is respectively 1%, the costs can be reduced by 30%.     

海南岛日最低、最高气温空间插值研究

为探索适用于海南岛日最低、最高气温空间插值的方法,研究以经度、纬度、海拔、坡度、坡向、海陆距离、NDVI等为环境变量,采用多元线性回归(multiple linear regression,MLR)、地理加权回归(geographically weighted regression,GWRK)、多元线性回归克里格(multiple linear regression-Kiging,MLRK)和地理加权回归克里格(geographically weighted regression-Kriging,GWRK)等4种方法对海南岛2016年1月1日—6月30日的日最低、最高气温进行了插值。结果表明:4种方法对日最低气温插值的总的平均绝对误差:MLRGWRGWRKMLRK,但GWR、GWRK、MLRK对日最低气温插值的总的平均绝对误差十分接近,对日最高气温有相同的规律。MLRK对日最低、最高气温的总体平均绝对误差分别为0.50℃和0.73℃。GWRK、MLRK对逐日最低气温插值的平均绝对误差也十分接近,对日最高气温也有相同的规律。无论是对日最低气温还是对日最高气温,MLRK、GWRK插值空间分布的主要差异均在站点稀疏的山区。因此,在海南岛,宜采用多元回归克里格(MLRK)对日最低、最高气温进行空间插值。